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Glossolepis incisus Salmon Red Rainbowfish

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Description

Glossolepis incisus Salmon Red RainbowfishWeber, 1908 Salmon Red Rainbowfish Species Summary Female Glossolepis incisus have a yellowish olive body colour with a golden iridescence to the scales, and clear fins. The males on the other hand are brilliant, the entire body and fins are a bright salmon red colour. Some of the scales have a silvery sheen, which creates a most unusual effect over the red background colour. Young fish are all rather dull in colour, being an overall olive greenish

Weber, 1908
Salmon-Red Rainbowfish

 

Species Summary
Female Glossolepis incisus have a yellowish olive body colour with a golden iridescence to the scales, and clear fins. The males on the other hand are brilliant, the entire body and fins are a bright salmon-red colour. Some of the scales have a silvery sheen, which creates a most unusual effect over the red background colour. Young fish are all rather dull in colour, being an overall olive greenish colour with a trace of silvery sheen. However, once the fish reach a length of 4 to 5 cm the males begin to colour up. Once the colour change begins to occur it progresses quite rapidly. By the time the fish are 7 to 8 cm long the males should have their full intense red colouration. Males are typically deeper bodied than females and have a high rounded back which gives them the appearance of having a relatively small head and disproportionately large eyes. Males may reach a maximum size of 15 cm, but females are usually less than 12 cm.

Glossolepis differ from other melanotaeniids by a combination of characters which includes distinctly crenulate scale margins, a high gill raker count, spine at the beginning of the second dorsal fin taller than first spine of first dorsal fin, relatively elongate pectoral fins, a unique premaxillary dentition and characteristic profile of the head, nape, and dorsal and anal fins.


Lake Sentani - photo© Gary Lange


Distribution & Habitat
Glossolepis incisus are found only in Lake Sentani. Lake Sentani is located some 10 kilometres west of Jayapura at the NE extremity of West Papua. It is an irregularly shaped lake with approximate dimensions of 28 km (E-W) by 19 km (N-S) and a surface area of 104 km². Its blue-green waters are dotted with at least 16 small islands, and it is surrounded by hillsides in the south and the Cyclops Mountains in the north, which separate the lake from the Pacific Ocean. Lake Sentani is by far the largest of the West Papuan lakes and has a catchment area of about 600 km². About 35 small rivers flow into the lake, and there is one natural outlet in the south-eastern tip, via the Jafuri and Tami rivers to the Pacific Ocean near the Papua New Guinea border. The lake is divided into three main sections with recorded depths of 7 to 52 metres. According to surveys in 1970-71, 1984 and 1987 the lake is thermally unstratified, with surface temperatures of 29-32°C and pH 6.2-6.8. Rainbowfishes are generally found around the margins of the lake. Large numbers are found congregating around submerged aquatic vegetation, fallen tree branches etc.

The overall abundance of Glossolepis incisus was considered high in Lake Sentani during surveys in November-December 2009, July-November 2010 and October 2011, with more than 30 individuals per site per visit, collected during a three-year survey (Ohee 2013). The highest abundance was found at water depths of 0-60 cm and in the early morning, 06.00-09.00 am, and afternoon, around 16.00-18.00 pm. Some fish were also detected at around a depth of two meters, as well as some at depths exceeding two meters. Local spearfishermen reported seeing Glossolepis incisus in even deeper water, while seine fishermen were observed catching them. However, the low number of individuals found in both cases suggests that although they can be found in such deep water, the occurrence is rare. Fish were collected along the shoreline of the lake and mouths of two creeks, namely Waena Creek and Jembatan II Creek. Fish with smaller body lengths (<90 mm SL) tended to occupy the very shallow area near the shoreline, while fish with larger bodies (>90 mm SL) were rare along the shoreline. The mean body lengths (SL) of the collected specimens were 65.52-70.72 mm.


Glossolepis incisus (males) - photo© Hristo Hristov


Male Glossolepis incisus were more abundant than females in the shallow waters along the shoreline, the latter being found more commonly in deeper waters. Moreover, they usually avoided high light intensities by moving to shaded areas or deeper water. Therefore, fish were rarely found in shallow waters during periods of high light intensity, such as from late-morning to mid-afternoon, having moved to deeper waters. In cases where they remained near the surface, they had moved to shadowed areas, such as under stilt houses or amongst submerged plants. The substrate of the lake consists of mud and sand, and water plants grow in shallow areas to cover 25% of the lake's area.

Glossolepis incisus are known to prefer habitats with submerged plants, roots, and wood debris, which are all commonly found along the shorelines. In Lake Sentani, various types of terrestrial vegetation were also found along the shoreline. The vegetation grows naturally, or is planted by people who reside in the area. Generally, the fish were abundant amongst the roots of some plants, such as the Sago Palm (Metroxylon sagu), or large trees, such as Ficus spp., as well as grasses. Large trees also provided shade for the fish. Hydrilla verticillata was the most ubiquitous water plant, being found in most locations. Hydrilla verticillata, Ceratophyllum demersum, Myriophyllum, Potamogeton and Vallisneria are some aquatic plants found in the deeper parts of the lake, while water lilies (Nymphaea, Nymphoides), Ipomoea aquatica, Bulrushes, and floating aquatic plants Eichhornia crassipes, Salvinia molesta and Lemna are found in the shallow parts. Eichhornia crassipes is the most common plant and is found throughout the entirety of Lake Sentani, often disturbing water-based transportation. Pandanus and Sago (Metroxylon sagu) grow on the shore.

The overall habitat preference of Glossolepis incisus was clear, shallow water, sand, gravel, and cobble substrate, and shoaling amidst Hydrilla verticillata, Valisneria, Eichhornia crassipes, Metroxylon sagu, and grasses. The availability of food also attracted fish to certain areas, such as under the traditional stilt houses, roots of some plants, litter, and wood debris. The pollen of terrestrial plants, as well as terrestrial insects, also served as a food source for the fish, along with the larvae of aquatic insects and algae. Roots of plants were also important for refuge. These factors influenced their distribution and habitat selection, and consequently, its abundance (Ohee 2013).

Unfortunately, because of its proximity to the provincial capital Jayapura and the large population around it, Sentani is no longer the pristine lake it once was. Despite the fact that Lake Sentani has been identified as an important ecosystem for species conservation (Conservation International 1999; Polhemus et al. 2004), the area remains under no protection. Meanwhile, human activities surrounding the lake have led to noticeable deforestation around it, water pollution, and the introduction of exotic species. Although Glossolepis incisus has been largely unaffected by the present concentrations of pollutants in Lake Sentani, the continuing human population growth around the lake will result in concentrations that will be hazardous to Glossolepis incisus and its co-inhabitants.

Reference

https://rainbowfish.angfaqld.org.au/Incisus.htm

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tour de force work, written in the Catholic intellectual tradition
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What a masterpiece. I would recommend this book as required reading for Catholics in the helping professions--counseling, social work, clinical psychology, etc. I'm a grad student in Catholic counseling at a non-Catholic institution, and this has been a go-to text in my classes. So grateful to the professors and contributors at Divine Mercy University for their many, many years and sacrifices putting this treatise together. It is going to bear much fruit in the years to come. Thank you!!
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This is an excellent piece of work
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For anyone who is interested in learning more about the integrated human person, this book does a very nice job of exploring the theological, phycological, and emotional attributes of the human person. It is a bit on the academic side and not light bedtime reading ;-). But, it is well worth the money.
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Charles Schmidt
Phoenix, US
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A good psychology helps you to be good
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Modern psychology is still in its infancy, being more art than science. A Catholic Christian Meta-Model of the Person by Paul C Vitz and other authors is a breakthrough achievement in advancing psychology in both theory in practice in that it uses Catholic theology and philosophy to ennoble psychology. This book contains many insights into human nature, such as: Worldviews and values systems, be they implicit or explicit, influence every theoretical reflection and interpersonal interaction. The Catholic worldview and value system is wider than any of the many partial theories currently existing the psychological and mental health field. Most secular psychologies are based on materialist, reductionist worldview that considers man as just a material animal. The Catholic view of man is that he is a unity of spiritual soul and material body, so it is a more comprehensive and accurate conception of human nature. Note that even so-called facts are always understood in terms of our worldview [Worldviews and value systems have a strong influence on your thoughts and on your actions. Since the Catholic worldview is more comprehensive and deeper than the worldviews used in most schools of psychology, a Catholic psychology is superior to secular psychologies.] Pope Benedict XVI wrote that people recognize the good only when they themselves do it. They recognize evil only when they do not do it [People generally do not knowing do evil; rather, they rationalize that the evil they are doing is actually good. Doing evil reduces one’s ability to recognize evil.] What causes human suffering? Suffering is rooted in human experiences of physical pain, moral evil, psychological disorder, relational losses and conflicts, and spiritual trials. It is also rooted in the lack of hope, joy, or flourishing. Much personal suffering is caused by a lack of purpose and fulfillment. Such suffering can be insignificant or unceasing. It can be trivial or salvific. No matter how suffering is understood, hope or despair makes the difference in what is bearable. [Catholic psychology offers hope, which makes suffering bearable.] The Catholic model of the person presupposes that flourishing, beatitude and joy constitute the deepest reality and provident goal of human life. This goal can be experienced in part at present and in full at the end of time. Hope, both natural and ultimate (theological) hope, is foundational. Even in the midst of inevitable spiritual suffering, psychological distress and physical death, this teleological perspective on suffering helps to explain why experiences of languishing are repugnant to our deepest desire for flourishing: instead of longing for material goods, the Catholic model offers longings for true goods, such as existence and life; harmonious marriage, family, and social relations; truth and beauty; and ultimately, communion with God. [The Catholic model offers patients goods such as truth, beauty and God, which secular psychology ignores.] The simple lack of many of these goods (or a distorted search for them) is often the cause of suffering, despair, loneliness and anxiety. When humans pursue goods in a disordered way, even attempts to remedy human pain, suffering and languishing can become ineffective. For instance, self-preservation, pleasure, and marital relations are real goods to be desired, sought and enjoyed. These goods, however, are not ultimate goods. A disordered approach for these goods (trying to make ultimate what is not) causes further types of suffering [Seeking worldly goods causes further suffering. Only ultimate goods offer a joy that cures suffering.] Men are called to goodness. Through a calling or vocation, each person is attracted to and perfected through existence (being), truth (knowledge), goodness (love), relationship (family, friends, and society, and beauty (integrity, ordering and clarity). [Human happiness comes from human flourishing - human perfection - and flourishing comes from living, health, knowledge, goodness, friends and beauty. To truly flourish, humans need beauty, which means art and music.] There is now an enormous amount of psychological evidence for the importance of relationships in the formation of the person. Relationships are essential for basic human existence and development. A newborn child who lacks a mothering relationship with another human will die, even if its physical needs are met. A person learns to speak through loving relationships that begin in the first weeks after birth, when the infant first listens to its mother’s voice. Language-learning requires relationships, and is foundational to the human person. [Man is the rational, social animal. Man’s essence and purpose is to have good relationships with other human beings. This is why people are more important than things. Man is not just the rational animal, man is the rational, spiritual, passionate, philosophical, purposeful, social, moral, free, aesthetic, creative, loving, sacred, religious and fallen (prone to sin and evil) animal who seeks happiness.] The above excepts are just a few of the many profound insights that can be found in this masterpiece of modern psychology. This proposed Catholic psychology helps heal the soul, which secular psychology ignores, and which is why this book is so necessary.
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Elina Ramirez
Bozeman, US
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Great Source for Catholic Therapists or Alike
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This text brings about a new meaning of therapy in a profound way. It explains in-depth the dignity and wholeness of the person with a great potential of flourishing and healing. Also, the text intertwines psychology, philosophy, and theology, which may seem contradictory at first glance, on the contrary, it is very much appropriate and, in a sense, enlightening.
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